Keegan Palmer
Keegan Palmer OAM (born March 13, 2003) is an Australian-American professional skateboarder widely regarded as one of the greatest park skateboarders in the world. He made history by winning gold medals in men’s park skateboarding at both the Tokyo 2020 Olympics (held in 2021) and the Paris...
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Keegan Palmer
Introduction
Keegan Palmer OAM (born March 13, 2003) is an Australian-American professional skateboarder widely regarded as one of the greatest park skateboarders in the world. He made history by winning gold medals in men’s park skateboarding at both the Tokyo 2020 Olympics (held in 2021) and the Paris 2024 Olympics, becoming the first male skateboarder to successfully defend an Olympic title in the sport.
Basic Information
- Full Name: Keegan Palmer
- Date of Birth: March 13, 2003
- Place of Birth: San Diego, California, United States
- Nationality: Australian (represents Australia)
- Residence: Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Stance: Regular
- Height: 5 feet 11 inches
- Profession: Professional Skateboarder
- Years Active: 2010-present
Career Summary
Born in California but raised on Australia’s Gold Coast from a young age, Palmer emerged as a skateboarding prodigy, turning professional at age 14. His combination of technical difficulty, consistency, and competitive composure has made him the most dominant park skateboarder of his generation.
Palmer’s victory in the inaugural Olympic skateboarding competition at Tokyo 2020 made him a household name overnight. He defended his title at Paris 2024, cementing his legacy as one of the sport’s all-time greats while still in his early twenties.
Distinctive Qualities
Palmer is known for: - Massive aerial tricks and transfers - Consistency under pressure - High degree of difficulty in runs - Composure in major competitions - Versatility across different park terrains - Powerful, confident skating style
Current Status
As of 2024, Palmer remains at the top of competitive park skateboarding. His back-to-back Olympic gold medals have made him one of Australia’s most recognizable athletes and a global ambassador for skateboarding.
Early Life and Background
Dual Nationality Origins
Keegan Palmer was born on March 13, 2003, in San Diego, California, a city with deep skateboarding heritage. His American birthplace gave him dual citizenship with Australia, where his family had strong ties.
Move to Australia
At just six months old, Palmer’s family relocated to the Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. This move would prove pivotal for his skateboarding development, as Australia’s Gold Coast has emerged as a hotbed for action sports talent.
Family Support
Parents
Palmer’s parents recognized his passion for skateboarding early and provided unwavering support: - Father: Involved in his early skateboarding development - Mother: Provided crucial emotional and logistical support for his career
The Palmer family made significant sacrifices to support Keegan’s skateboarding career, including extensive travel for competitions and building facilities to support his training.
Skateboarding Environment
Growing up on the Gold Coast provided Palmer with: - Year-round skateboarding weather - Access to world-class skateparks - A community of talented skaters - Supportive action sports culture
Early Skateboarding Development
Discovery of Passion
Palmer discovered skateboarding at an extremely young age. By the time he could walk confidently, he was drawn to skateboards. His natural balance and fearlessness became apparent immediately.
Rapid Progression
Palmer’s progression in skateboarding was extraordinarily rapid: - Age 4: Already skating confidently - Age 7: Competing in local competitions - Age 10: Winning national junior competitions - Age 14: Turned professional
Training Regimen
From an early age, Palmer demonstrated dedication that set him apart: - Skated daily from dawn until dark - Practiced in his backyard skate facility - Studied skateboarding videos obsessively - Developed comprehensive trick vocabulary
Backyard Skate Facility
The Palmer Compound
Recognizing their son’s extraordinary talent and dedication, Palmer’s family made a significant investment in his future:
Construction: - Built a professional-quality skatepark in their backyard - Included bowls, ramps, and street sections - Designed to accommodate progressive skill development - Cost significant family resources
Impact: - Allowed Palmer to train at any hour - Provided privacy for developing new tricks - Eliminated travel time to skateparks - Created safe environment for attempting difficult maneuvers
This backyard facility proved crucial to Palmer’s rapid development and eventual world dominance.
Education
Palmer attended local schools on the Gold Coast but his education increasingly adapted around his skateboarding career. As his competitive schedule intensified, he transitioned to flexible schooling arrangements that allowed him to: - Travel for competitions - Train during optimal hours - Balance academics with athletic development - Complete education while pursuing professional career
Early Competition Success
Junior Competitions
Palmer dominated junior competitions throughout his early teens: - Won multiple Australian national championships - Placed highly at international junior events - Consistently competed against older skaters - Demonstrated mental composure beyond his years
Transition to Professional
By age 14, Palmer was already competing at professional levels: - Entered professional competitions - Placed competitively against adult skaters - Gained recognition from sponsors - Established reputation as future star
Mentorship and Influences
Australian Skateboarding Scene
Palmer benefited from Australia’s strong skateboarding community: - Mentorship from older Australian pros - Support from local skate shops - Encouragement from skateboarding media - National pride in his development
International Influences
Palmer studied international skateboarding: - Watched videos of American pros - Studied competition strategies - Incorporated global influences into his style - Prepared for international competition
Character Development
Mental Approach
From an early age, Palmer demonstrated: - Composure under pressure - Willingness to attempt difficult tricks - Resilience after falls and injuries - Competitive drive balanced with enjoyment
Support System
Palmer’s success was built on: - Family sacrifice and support - Community encouragement - Professional coaching - Access to facilities
Australian Identity
Despite American birth, Palmer identifies strongly as Australian: - Represents Australia internationally - Credits Australian skateboarding culture - Trains primarily in Australia - Embodies Australian sporting spirit
His choice to represent Australia has made him a national sporting hero and inspired young Australian skateboarders.
Early Recognition
By his early teens, Palmer was already recognized as: - Australia’s top skateboarding prospect - Future Olympic contender - Generational talent - Potential world champion
This early recognition brought pressure but also resources and opportunities that accelerated his development.
Foundation for Success
Palmer’s early life established the foundation for his Olympic success: - Family support and sacrifice - Access to world-class training facilities - Supportive national skateboarding culture - Natural talent and dedication - Early start in the sport - Balanced approach to competition
These factors combined to create one of the most dominant athletes in skateboarding history before he reached adulthood.
Career Trajectory
Early Professional Career (2014-2020)
Turning Professional (2014)
Palmer turned professional at age 14, an early entry that reflected his extraordinary talent. His professional career began with: - Signing with major sponsors - Competing in professional events - Traveling internationally for competitions - Balancing school with professional obligations
Rising Through the Ranks (2014-2019)
National Dominance: - Won multiple Australian National Championships - Established as Australia’s top park skater - Set national records for competition scores
International Recognition: - Placed highly at X Games events - Competed at Vans Park Series - Won international competitions in Asia and Europe - Ranked among world’s top park skaters by age 16
Competition Highlights (Pre-Olympics): - Multiple podium finishes at international events - Consistent top-5 placements at major contests - Recognition as future Olympic medal favorite - Growing social media following
Tokyo 2020 Olympics (Held 2021)
Olympic Debut
Palmer entered the Tokyo Olympics as a medal favorite but faced stiff competition from American and Brazilian skaters.
Qualification: - Qualified through Olympic World Skateboarding Rankings - Entered as top-ranked Australian - One of the youngest competitors in the field
Competition Day:
First Run: - Opened with an impressive run scoring 94.04 - Set the standard for the competition - Displayed his full trick vocabulary
Second Run: - Improved to 95.83 - Massive backside 540 to start - Technical lip tricks and transfers - Airs exceeding competition standard
Final Result: - Gold Medal: 95.83 - Silver: Pedro Barros (Brazil) - 86.14 - Bronze: Cory Juneau (USA) - 84.13
Historic Achievement: - First-ever Olympic gold medal in men’s park skateboarding - Australia’s first Olympic skateboarding medal - Became Australia’s youngest Olympic gold medalist in Tokyo - Made global headlines for dominant performance
Post-Tokyo Success (2021-2023)
World Championships
Palmer continued competing at the highest level: - World Skate Championships medals - X Games podium finishes - Maintained world number-one ranking in park
Professional Tour Success
- Vans Park Series victories
- Dew Tour wins
- Consistent high placements at major events
- Demonstrated that Olympic success was not a fluke
Sponsorship and Profile
Post-Olympics brought increased recognition: - Major sponsor additions - Increased media profile - Brand ambassador opportunities - Recognition as face of Australian skateboarding
Paris 2024 Olympics
The Defense
Palmer entered Paris 2024 as defending champion and favorite to repeat.
Qualification: - Automatically qualified as defending champion - Maintained competitive schedule leading up to Games - Dealt with injury concerns during preparation
Competition Day:
First Run: - Scored 93.11 - Solid start but not his best - Room for improvement
Second Run: - Scored 93.78 - Improved performance - Maintained pressure on competitors
Third Run: - Scored 93.11 (best of three runs counted) - Clinched gold medal with final run - Successfully defended Olympic title
Historic Achievement: - First male skateboarder to win consecutive Olympic gold medals - Joined elite group of Australian multi-gold medalists - Cemented status as greatest park skater of his generation - At age 21, already one of Australia’s greatest Olympians
Competition Statistics
Olympic Record
- Tokyo 2020: Gold (95.83)
- Paris 2024: Gold (93.11)
- Combined Olympic margin of victory: 17.56 points
- Never seriously threatened in either Olympic final
World Rankings
- World Skate Park Rankings: Consistently top-3
- World Number One: Multiple periods
- Longest reign as top-ranked park skater
Major Competition Wins
- Olympic Games: 2 gold medals (2020, 2024)
- X Games: Multiple medals including gold
- World Skate Championships: Multiple medals
- Vans Park Series: Multiple event wins
- Australian National Championships: Multiple titles
Trick Arsenal
Palmer’s competitive runs feature: - 540s and variations: Backside and frontside 540s with grabs - McTwists: Technical inverted rotations - Lip tricks: Grinds, slides, and airs on coping - Transfers: Moving between park features - Technical lip combinations: Multiple tricks per lip sequence - High amplitude: Airs exceeding 10 feet above coping
Training and Preparation
Olympic Preparation
For both Olympics, Palmer’s preparation included: - Training on competition-spec park replicas - Physical conditioning programs - Mental preparation and visualization - Travel to international competitions - Working with coaches on run construction
Daily Training
Palmer maintains a rigorous schedule: - Multiple hours of skating daily - Strength and conditioning work - Video analysis of competition runs - Rest and recovery protocols - Diet and nutrition management
Career Highlights Timeline
| Year | Achievement |
|---|---|
| 2014 | Turned professional at age 14 |
| 2017 | First international podium |
| 2018 | X Games medal |
| 2019 | World Skate ranking achievements |
| 2021 | Olympic Gold - Tokyo 2020 |
| 2022 | World Championships medals |
| 2023 | Continued tour success |
| 2024 | Olympic Gold - Paris (defended title) |
Impact on Australian Sport
Palmer’s success has: - Elevated skateboarding’s profile in Australia - Inspired young Australian skateboarders - Brought Olympic recognition to action sports - Demonstrated Australian excellence in non-traditional sports
Current Career Status (2024)
As of late 2024: - Two-time defending Olympic champion - World number one ranked park skater - Active professional competitor - Preparing for Los Angeles 2028 Olympics - Global ambassador for skateboarding - Sponsored by Nike SB, Primitive, and other major brands
Keegan Palmer’s career represents one of the most dominant runs in skateboarding history, with back-to-back Olympic gold medals establishing him as the greatest park skater of his generation and one of the most successful Australian Olympians.
Achievements and Records
Major Accomplishments
Keegan Palmer’s list of achievements represents some of the most impressive accomplishments in their field. These milestones reflect years of dedication, talent, and unwavering commitment to excellence.
Awards and Recognition
The honors and awards bestowed upon Keegan Palmer reflect the high regard in which they are held by peers, critics, and fans alike. These recognitions span multiple organizations and categories.
Records and Statistics
Keegan Palmer’s statistical achievements tell a compelling story of sustained excellence and breakthrough performances that have set new standards in their discipline.
Technique and Skating Style
Park Skateboarding Specialization
Keegan Palmer competes in park skateboarding, a discipline that takes place in concrete bowls and transitions with vertical walls, hips, and extensions. Park courses feature complex terrain that allows skaters to flow between features while performing aerial maneuvers, lip tricks, and transfers.
Technical Style Overview
Powerful, Confident Approach
Palmer’s skating is characterized by: - Amplitude: Massive airs well above the coping - Speed: Maintains velocity throughout runs - Flow: Seamless transitions between features - Consistency: Rarely misses tricks in competition - Difficulty: High-degree-of-rotation aerials
Stance
Palmer skates regular stance (left foot forward), which gives him natural advantages on certain features and influences his trick selection.
Aerial Maneuvers
540 Variations
Palmer is renowned for his 540-degree rotations:
Backside 540: - Signature trick in competition runs - Often opens runs with massive backside 540 - Can execute with various grabs (indy, mute) - Consistently lands with control
Frontside 540: - Added to competition repertoire - Higher degree of difficulty - Demonstrates ambidextrous rotation ability
McTwist
The McTwist (540-degree inverted spin) is a Palmer staple: - Invented by Mike McGill in the 1980s - Palmer executes with modern amplitude - Technical precision in inversion - Often combined with other tricks
720 Progression
Palmer has worked on 720-degree rotations: - Two full rotations in the air - Among the most difficult park tricks - Demonstrates future progression potential
Lip Trick Arsenal
Technical Lip Combinations
Palmer’s lip tricks demonstrate precision:
Grinds: - 50-50 grinds - 5-0 grinds - Smith grinds - Feeble grinds
Slides: - Boardslides - Lipslides - Bluntslides
Airs Out: - Ollies to fakie - Airwalks - Methods - Various grab combinations
Lip Trick Sequencing
What separates Palmer is his ability to link multiple lip tricks: - 3-4 lip tricks in sequence - Maintains speed and flow - Technical difficulty in combinations - Judges award high scores for sequences
Transfer Skills
Feature-to-Feature Transfers
Palmer excels at transferring between different parts of the park: - Hip transfers: Moving from one quarterpipe to another - Channel transfers: Crossing flat sections - Extension transfers: Using height changes - Spine transfers: Moving over spine features
Transfer Creativity
Palmer often finds unique lines that other skaters miss: - Unconventional transfers - Using park features creatively - Lines that maximize scoring potential - Difficult entry and exit angles
Competition Run Construction
Strategic Approach
Palmer constructs runs that maximize scoring:
Opening: - High-impact trick to establish difficulty - Often begins with 540 or McTwist - Sets tone for entire run
Middle Section: - Flow between features - Mix of aerials and lip tricks - Maintains speed and momentum - Shows park coverage
Closing: - High-difficulty finish - Often ends with another major aerial - Leaves lasting impression on judges
Scoring Optimization
Palmer understands the judging criteria: - Difficulty: Highest-degree tricks - Execution: Clean landings, no hand touches - Variety: Mix of trick types - Flow: Seamless movement - Use of Park: Coverage of entire course - Height: Amplitude above coping
Physical Attributes
Strengths
Leg Strength: - Power for big airs - Stability on landings - Endurance for multiple runs
Core Stability: - Balance in the air - Control during rotations - Recovery on sketchy landings
Spatial Awareness: - Understanding of body position - Reading the park terrain - Adjusting mid-air
Flexibility: - Range of motion for grabs - Injury prevention - Quick recovery
Athletic Development
Palmer has developed his athleticism through: - Skateboarding-specific training - Strength and conditioning - Flexibility work - Balance training - Cardiovascular fitness
Equipment
Deck Setup
Palmer uses: - Deck: Primitive Skateboards - Size: Typically 8.25-8.5 inches - Shape: Standard popsicle or shaped pool deck - Graphics: Various pro models
Trucks
- Independent Trucks (sponsor)
- 149mm or 159mm depending on deck
- Loose setup for maneuverability
Wheels
- Bones Wheels (sponsor)
- 58-60mm diameter
- Hardness: 99A-101A
- Shape: Classic or conical
Competition Mentality
Pressure Performance
Palmer excels under pressure: - Olympic gold medal performances - Clutch final runs - Ability to improve under pressure - Mental composure
Training Approach
His training includes: - Run construction practice - Specific trick repetition - Full run simulation - Video analysis - Mental visualization
Adaptation
Palmer can adapt to: - Different park designs - Weather conditions - Competition pressure - Equipment issues
Style Evolution
Early Career
Early Palmer style featured: - Natural athleticism - Raw power - Developing consistency - Learning competition strategy
Current Style
Current Palmer skating shows: - Refined technique - Strategic run construction - Highest difficulty level - Consistent execution - Professional polish
Future Potential
At just 21, Palmer’s style may evolve to include: - Even higher difficulty - New trick inventions - Continued refinement - Potential 720s in competition
Comparison to Contemporaries
Versus Pedro Barros
- Palmer: Technical precision, aerial focus
- Barros: Speed, flow, aggressive style
- Different approaches to park skating
Versus Cory Juneau
- Palmer: Consistency, amplitude
- Juneau: Technical lip tricks, creativity
- Both represent highest level
Versus Tom Schaar
- Palmer: Aerial rotations, run construction
- Schaar: Technical innovation, variety
- Different strengths within discipline
Technical Legacy
Palmer’s technical contributions to park skateboarding include: - Raising amplitude standards - Demonstrating competition consistency - Perfecting 540 variations - Showing value of dedicated training - Proving young age is not a limitation
His technique will influence the next generation of Australian and international park skaters.
Personal Life
Private Personality
Despite his Olympic fame, Keegan Palmer maintains a relatively private personal life. He focuses primarily on his skateboarding career and maintains close ties with family and the Australian skateboarding community.
Family Relationships
Parents’ Role
Palmer’s parents have been instrumental in his success: - Made significant financial sacrifices for his career - Built backyard skate facility - Accompanied him to international competitions during his youth - Continue to support his professional career - Manage aspects of his business affairs
Palmer frequently acknowledges his parents’ contributions in interviews, recognizing that his success would not have been possible without their support.
Sibling Relationship
Palmer has siblings who have maintained private lives away from his skateboarding career. The family remains close-knit, with Palmer returning to the Gold Coast between international competitions.
Life on the Gold Coast
Australian Identity
Despite being born in California, Palmer strongly identifies as Australian: - Raised on Gold Coast since infancy - Represents Australia internationally - Trains primarily in Australia - Australian accent and mannerisms - Australia’s sporting hero status
Gold Coast Lifestyle
Palmer’s life on the Gold Coast includes: - Training at local skateparks - Surfing (another Gold Coast passion) - Time with family - Relatively normal life outside competition - Avoidance of major celebrity trappings
Education
Palmer completed his education while pursuing professional skateboarding: - Attended local Gold Coast schools - Flexible schooling arrangements for competition travel - Completed high school while competing internationally - Balanced academics with athletic development
His educational experience demonstrates the modern pathway for young action sports athletes.
Relationship Status
As of 2024, Palmer keeps his romantic relationships private: - No public confirmation of relationships - Focuses public persona on skateboarding - Maintains privacy typical of his generation - Social media focuses on skating content
Interests Outside Skateboarding
Surfing
Growing up on the Gold Coast, Palmer is an avid surfer: - Cross-training benefits for skateboarding - Shares Australian coastal culture - Water-based alternative to skateboarding - Photographed surfing at Gold Coast beaches
Music and Culture
Palmer’s interests include: - Skateboarding culture broadly - Music associated with skateboarding - Australian sports culture - Youth culture representation
Gaming
Like many young athletes, Palmer enjoys video games: - Skateboarding video games (naturally) - Other gaming interests - Streaming and content consumption
Social Media Presence
Palmer maintains an active Instagram presence: - Shares skateboarding content - Competition updates - Sponsor promotions - Limited personal content - Professional focus
Other Platforms
- YouTube appearances in skate videos
- TikTok presence
- General social media engagement with fans
- Sponsored content requirements
Public Persona
Media Relations
Palmer handles media professionally: - Accommodating with interviews - Focuses on skateboarding topics - Polished media presence - Represents sponsors well - Australian media favorite
Sponsorship Obligations
His professional life includes: - Sponsor content creation - Appearance obligations - Product promotion - Brand ambassador duties - Nike SB and Primitive commitments
Living Arrangements
Gold Coast Base
Palmer maintains his primary residence on the Gold Coast: - Family home with skate facilities - Base for training - Return destination between competitions - Australian tax residency
Travel Schedule
Professional skateboarding requires extensive travel: - International competitions - Sponsor obligations - Media appearances - Training camps - Weeks away from home regularly
Mental Health and Pressure
Olympic Pressure
Palmer has spoken about managing pressure: - Tokyo 2020 expectations - Paris 2024 defense pressure - Mental preparation techniques - Support system importance
Coping Mechanisms
He manages pressure through: - Focus on skating rather than results - Family support - Australian laid-back attitude - Experience with high-level competition
Philanthropy and Community
Youth Inspiration
Palmer serves as inspiration for: - Young Australian skateboarders - Aspiring Olympic athletes - Youth in alternative sports - Gold Coast youth
Community Engagement
While not heavily publicized, Palmer engages with: - Gold Coast skateboarding community - Youth skateboarding clinics - School visits (limited) - Australian sporting community events
Future Plans
Los Angeles 2028
Palmer’s current focus includes: - Preparing for LA 2028 Olympics - Potential third Olympic gold - Age 25 at next Olympics (prime years) - Opportunity for historic three-peat
Career Longevity
At 21, Palmer considers: - Continuing professional skateboarding - Potential coaching future - Skateboarding industry involvement - Post-competition career
Character and Values
Australian Sporting Values
Palmer embodies: - Humility in victory - Hard work and dedication - Support for teammates - National pride - Sportsmanship
Skateboarding Culture
He maintains skateboarding values: - Respect for sport’s history - Support for fellow skaters - Authenticity - Enjoyment of skating - Creativity and progression
Current Status (2024)
As of late 2024: - Living and training on Gold Coast - Preparing for next competition season - Managing sponsorship obligations - Enjoying time between competitions - Planning for LA 2028 preparation
Keegan Palmer’s personal life reflects a young athlete who has achieved extraordinary success while maintaining connections to his family, community, and the values that made him successful. His grounded approach suggests potential for sustained success and positive influence on Australian sport.
Legacy and Impact
Australian Skateboarding Legend
Keegan Palmer has established himself as Australia’s greatest skateboarder and one of the most dominant action sports athletes in Australian history. His back-to-back Olympic gold medals have made him a national sporting hero.
Olympic Legacy
Historic Double Gold
Palmer’s achievement of winning consecutive Olympic gold medals in park skateboarding: - Tokyo 2020: First men’s park Olympic champion - Paris 2024: First to defend Olympic skateboarding title - Only skateboarder with multiple Olympic golds - Australia’s first Olympic skateboarding medalist
Australian Olympic History
Palmer joins the ranks of Australia’s greatest Olympians: - Two gold medals before age 21 - Back-to-back Olympic champion - Youngest Australian gold medalist in Tokyo - Multi-sport Australian sporting hero
Competitive Dominance
World Number One
Palmer has maintained status as: - World number one ranked park skater - Most dominant park skater of his generation - Consistent top finisher at major events - Competition favorite at every event
Competition Records
- Olympic Games: 2 gold medals (100% gold rate)
- X Games: Multiple medals including gold
- World Championships: Medalist
- Vans Park Series: Multiple wins
- Australian Nationals: Multiple titles
Technical Legacy
Amplitude Standards
Palmer has raised the bar for: - Height in park skateboarding - Technical difficulty - Consistency at high level - Competition run construction
Influence on Park Skating
His influence includes: - 540+ rotation standards - Transfer techniques - Competition mentality - Professional training approach
Impact on Australian Sport
National Inspiration
Palmer’s impact in Australia: - Inspired young Australian skateboarders - Elevated skateboarding’s national profile - Action sports recognition - Youth sports role model
Olympic Sport Development
His success contributed to: - Australian skateboarding federation growth - Olympic skateboarding recognition - Youth participation increases - Sports funding for skateboarding
Future Potential
At age 21, Palmer’s potential includes: - LA 2028 Olympic three-peat attempt - Continued world dominance - Australian sporting legend status - Global skateboarding ambassador role
Historical Significance
All-Time Rankings
Palmer ranks among: - Greatest Australian Olympians - Greatest skateboarders of all time - Most dominant action sports athletes - Australia’s youngest multi-gold medalists
Skateboarding History
In skateboarding history: - First to defend Olympic title - Back-to-back Olympic golds - Most dominant park skater of era - Competition consistency record
Legacy Summary
Keegan Palmer’s legacy encompasses:
- Pioneer: First men’s park Olympic champion
- Champion: Back-to-back Olympic gold medalist
- Dominance: World’s best park skater
- Inspiration: Australian youth role model
- History: Australian sporting legend
- Future: Potential for continued greatness
At just 21 years old, Keegan Palmer has already achieved what many athletes dream of in entire careers. With potential for LA 2028 and continued dominance, he may become one of the greatest Australian athletes of all time.